Some Biometric Parameters of Four Selected Fish Species in Doma Dam, Nasarawa State, Nigeria  

Umaru J. A. , Annune P.A. , Cheikyula J.O. , Okomoda V.T.
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Author    Correspondence author
International Journal of Aquaculture, 2015, Vol. 5, No. 31   doi: 10.5376/ija.2015.05.0031
Received: 01 Sep., 2015    Accepted: 06 Oct., 2015    Published: 13 Dec., 2015
© 2015 BioPublisher Publishing Platform
This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:

Umaru J.A., Annune P.A., Cheikyula J.O., and Okomoda V.T., 2015, Some Biometric Parameters of Four Selected Fish Species in Doma Dam, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, International Journal of Aquaculture, 5(31): 1-7

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the biometric parameter of some selected fish from doma dam, Nassarawa State. Samples of Hydrocynus breves, Alestes dentex, Hydrocynus forskali, and Brycinus leuciscus were collected from landing sites and the corresponding morphometric measurement and meristic count were recorded Results reveals significant differences in twelve of thirteen morphometric parameters considered in the four fish species from the dam. The most influential morphometric variables for discrimination these species using the 1st DF were the predorsal distance, body depth, standard length and eye diameter, while anal fin ray, caudal fin ray and pelvic fin ray constituted the most influential meristic variable for discrimination of the groups. Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 of the morphometric measurements in this study clearly showed a complete overlap between H. breves and H. foskali and a partial overlap with A. dentex but separate however from B. leuciscus. Meristic plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 however shows overlap of A. dentex, B. leuciscus and H. breves and completely separation from H. foskali.

Keywords
Morphological parameters; Growth pattern; Doma dam

Introduction
The knowledge of fish biology particularly biometric parameter is of utmost important not only to fill up the lacuna of our present day academic knowledge but also to increasing the technological efficiencies of the fishery entrepreneurs for evolving judicious pisciculture management (Swain & Foote, 1999). Fish morphology is inseparably related to study of the mode of life and the analysis of size and shape variations becomes fundamental to highlights variability in living organisms (Turan et al., 2004).

Morphological parameters and biometrical characteristics including morphometric measurement and meristic count have been used to identify fish stocks and remain the simplest and most direct way among methods of species identification (Turan et al., 2004). The study of differences and variability in morphometric and meristic characters of fish stocks is important in phylogenetics as it provide information for subsequent studies on the genetic improvement of stocks. To our knowledge this is the first of such study which is aimed at evaluating the biometric parameters and annual variations in condition factor of commercially important fishes such as Hydrocynus breves, Alestes dentex, Hydrocynus forskali, and B. leuciscus from doma dam.

2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of study area
The study area is Doma Dam in Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State Nigeria, Doma Dam was constructed for the purpose of irrigation which was co-ordinate by the Lower Basin Authority (LRBA) it cover an area of 3,975km2. It’s maximum surface normally occurs during rainy seasons of July – September there after it recedes so that minimum level is reached just before the start of rains in June.
 
2.2 Sample collection and measurement
Four species of fish from doma dam were selected for this study, namely Hydrocynus breves, Alestes dentex, Hydrocynus forskali, and B. leuciscus. The fishes were obtained from artisanal fishermen landing site in the dam. The fishermen used different types of fishing gears both passive and active fishing gears, which include traps, seine, cast net, gill nets, clay nets, hook and lines and crafts. Sample were collected for a year starting July 2014 to June 2015. During each collection, samples were ice check and moved to the College of Agriculture Lafia, in the Fisheries Department Laboratory for analysis. Total length (cm) and other morphometric measurement were taken using meter rule while weight (g) was gotten using the sensitive weighing balance. Biometrical parameters recorded includes six morphometric measurement and seven meristic counts as determined and described by Samaradivakara et al. (2012). The morphometric variables standard length, weight, body depth, pre-dorsal distance, eye diameter, caudal fin length. The meristic counts pectoral fin ray, pelvic fin ray, dorsal fin ray, anal fin ray, Pore lateral line scale, Upper teeth rows, Lower teeth rows

2.3 Statistical analysis
To ensure that variations in this study were only attributed to body shape differences, and not to the relative sizes of the fish, size effects from the data set were eliminated, by standardizing the morphometric parameters using the allometric formula given by Elliott et al. (1995):

M adj = M (Ls / Lo) b;
Where M = original measurement, M adj = size-adjusted measurement, Lo = TL of the fish, Ls = overall mean of the TL for all specimens.

Parameter b was estimated for each character from the observed data as the slope of the regression of log M on log Lo, using all fish in all groups. However, it has been established that meristic characters are independent of size of fish hence should not change during growth (Strauss, 1985; Murta, 2000) therefore the raw data were analysed without transformation as described above. Statistical analyses in the present study included descriptive statistics using Minitab 14 as well as univariate analysis of variance using Genstat® discovery edition IV. Where significant differences occurred, Duncan’s least significant difference was used to separate the mean values of morphometric and meristic parameters. Morphometric and meristic data were subjected to discriminant function analysis (DFA) using Genstat® discovery edition IV.

3 Results
Table 1 compares the morphometric measurements of the four fish species in the study. Result reveals that A. dentex had significantly higher standard length (20.88) than H. breves and H. foskali (19.11and 18.84 respectively) however least value was recorded in B. leuciscus. Similarly Mean weight of A. dentex was higher (119.40) compared to H. foskali (96.93), H. breves (94.60) and B. leuciscus (14.24). Similarly Predorsal distance was higher in A. dentex (9.08), followed by H. foskali and H. breves (8.09 and 6.54 respectively), with the lowest value recorded in B. leuciscus (2.57). Mean eye diameter of H. foskali was higher (8.74) than other species while B. leuciscus recorded the lowest (0.41). Mean pectoral fin ray in H. foskali and A. dentex was 12 in number and higher than the number observed for B. leuciscus and H. breves (11 and 9 respectively), similarly, pelvic fin ray was highest in H. foskali (13) and lowest in A. dentex and B. leuciscus (9). Mean dorsal fin ray of  A. dentex and H. breves was 10 in number and higher than 8numbers recorded in B. leuciscus and H. foskali. Anal fin ray was higher in H. breves (22) and lowest in H. foskali (9). Result also reveal caudal fin ray to be much in H. breves (23) and least in H. foskali (12). Pore lateral line scales however, were higher in H. foskali (6) and lower in A. dentex (3), there was no difference in the lower teeth rows of the fish species however 3 row of upper jaw was observed in H. breves as against 2 rows observed for the other species.

 
Table 1 Mean Morphometric Measurements And Meristic Counts of Selected Fish Species from Doma Dam 


Relationships of the morphometric measurement and meristic count analysis among the selected fish species from doma dam was considered according to the 1st and 2nd discriminant function (DF) (Figures 1 for morphometric parameters and Figure 2 for meristic count). The 1st DF accounted for 76% and the 2nd DF accounted for 12% of among-group variability of the morphometric data, and together they explained 88% of total among-group variability. On the other hand, the 1st and 2nd DF of the meristic count analysis accounted for 75% and 16% respectively of the among-group variability; together they explained 91% of total among-group variability. According to the canonical discriminant function coefficients obtained for the morphometric data, the most influential morphometric variables using the 1st DF were the predorsal distance, body depth, standard length and eye diameter, while anal fin ray, caudal fin ray and pelvic fin ray constituted the most influential meristic variable for discrimination of the groups. Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 of the morphometric measurements (Fig. 1) clearly showed a complete overlap between H. breves and H. foskali and a partial overlap with A. dentex and separate however from B. leuciscus.

 
Figure 1 Discriminant Function Scores Based On Morphometric Measurements for the Selected Fish Species from Doma Dam


 
Table 2 Monthly Condition Factors of Some Selected Fish Species from Doma Dam 


 
Table 3 Monthly Standard Length (Cm) of Selected Fish Species from Doma Dam 


Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 for meristic count as shown in Fig. 2 however shows overlap of A. dentex, B. leuciscus and H. breves and completely separated from H. foskali.

 
Figure 2 Discriminant Function Scores Based On Meristic Count for the Selected Fish Species From Doma Dam 


 
Table 4 Monthly Weight (Gm) of Selected Fish Species from Doma Dam 


4 Discussions
Fish has been said to demonstrate greater variances in morphological traits both within and between populations of species than any other vertebrates (Allendorf et al. 1987, Wimberger 1992). This study recorded significant differences in among morphometric parameters of the four fish species considered from Doma dam. Beacham (1985), Beacham & Murray (1985), Beacham & Withler (1985), Beacham et al. (1988), Lund et al. (1989) and Kinnison et al. (1998) had earlier stated that variation in morphometric parameters of fish is largely due to factors such as geographical and habitat variation or differences in genetic component based on differences among groups in a common environment. Solomon et al., (2015) further suggested genetic variation caused by inbreeding, crossbreeding and other practices leading to dilution of gene pool as the major cause of differences in cultured and wild species of African catfish. However the marked differences of morphology in the present study may be linked to genetic differences of the species. Reported morphological parameters of the species in this study as given by www.fishbase.org Paugy (2003) and Paugy (1990) are in line with the results of the present study. More so this study can serve as a useful reference material for some parameters (such as caudal fin ray, pectoral fin rays, spine number and lent of most fins etc.) not reported in the previous study but measured in this study. The monthly variation in morphological data observed in this study are likely due to age difference of captured fish at every month, environmental condition prevalence as it affect the susceptibility of different age group for capture, and the physiological state of the captured fish.

According to the canonical discriminant function coefficients obtained for the morphometric data for the different species, the most influential morphometric variables using the 1st DF were the predorsal distance, body depth, standard length and eye diameter, while anal fin ray, caudal fin ray and pelvic fin ray constituted the most influential meristic variable for discrimination of the groups. Samaradivakara et al (2012) had earlier reported standard length, body height and pre-dorsal distance as major contributors to canonical discriminant function 1 in morphometric parameters of four Tilapia Populations in Selected Reservoirs of Sri Lanka. However, Haddon & Willis (1995) stated that Morphometrics of the head and body depth have been regarded as the most important characters for discrimination of angler fish (Lophius vormernus), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) and Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) (Leslie & Grant, 1990; Schwegert, 1990; Haddon & Willis 1995) while Turan et al., (2005) reported HL as the only important parameter for discrimination of six population of African catfish in Turkey. Eyo (2003) reported that among four Clarias species (Clarias ebriensis, C. albopunctatus, C. gariepinus and C. anguillaris), congeneric differences occurred in pectoral fin base length and frontal width, pelvic fin base length, Pectoral spine height, dorsal fin height, maxillary teeth band width, premaxillary teeth band depth, frontal, fontenelle length, internasal space, pelvic fin-anal fin space and prenasal barbell length, and in 6 residual characters namely Total Length, prepectoral length, pectoral fin base, length, dorsal fin base length, outer mandibular barbel space and eye diameter. Specific differences among Distichodus species studied by Nwani and Ude, (2005) reveals that pelvic fin height, dorsal fin height, anal fin height, pectoral-pelvic fin space, pelvic anal fin space, head length and caudal peduncle depth were of significant taxonomic importance in discriminating all the studied Distichodus species. Nevertheless, in general, fishes demonstrate greater variance in morphological traits both within the same species or different species or between populations than other vertebrates and reflect differences in feeding environment and habit, prey types, food availability or other features (Dunham et al., 1979; Allendorf, 1988; Thompson, 1991; Wimberger, 1992). It is also important to note that Among the principal morphological variables that aid in the discrimination this species and populations, some are related to feeding habits while the others are to swimming capacity and maintenance of the fish in the water column.

Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 of the morphometric measurements in this study clearly showed a complete overlap between H. breves and H. foskali and a partial overlap with A. dentex and separate however from B. leuciscus. However, plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 for meristic count shows overlap of A. dentex, B. leuciscus and H. breves and completely separated from H. foskali. Overlapping variation in morphometric characters lead to great difficulty in identifying different stocks. Jerry and Cairns (1998) indicated that phenotype of an individual is a manifestation of its underlying genotype, as expressed in the local environment during development. Consequently, individuals of different species that develop and mature in the environment or area would be expected to share a similar phenotype, as they are likely to experience common environmental and genetic influences (Chambers, 1993). Hence the noticeable overlap among different species for morphometric and meristic count in this study might be explained by this. Vidalis et al. (1994) had argued that meristic characters may follow a predetermined variability at a very narrow range, and divergence of the meristic counts from a standard range could be fatal for the individual. Several authors have also considered meristic characters as less useful than the morphometric data (Misra & Carscadden, 1987) when comparing morphological variations. Furthermore, studies on meristic characters of horse mackerel (Murta, 2000), shrimp (Munasinghe & Thushari, 2010) were less informative, when compared with the morphometric ones however, this study have shown that there were overlaps and complete separations in different species as observed in this study. Generally the observable overlap among species despite genetic differences may have been as a result of similar species adaptations in response to the prevailing environmental conditions as earlier stated.

References
Allendorf F.W., Ryman N., and Utter F., 1987, Genetics and fishery management: past, present and future in population genetics and fisheries management, Seattle, WA and London: Univ. of Washington Press, pp.1-20

Allendorf F.W., 1988, Conservation biology of fishes. Conservation Biology, 2:145-148
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00165.x

Beacham T.D., and Murray C.B., 1985, Variation in length and body depth of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) in southern British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42: 312-319
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-040

Beacham T.D., 1985, Meristic and morphometric variation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63: 366-372
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-056

Beacham T.D., Withler R.E., Murray C.B., and Barner L.W., 1988, Variation in body size, morphology, egg size, and biochemical genetics of pink salmon in British Columbia, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 117: 109-126
http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117%3C0109:VIBSME%3E2.3.CO;2

Chambers R.C., 1993, Phenotypic variability in fish populations and its representation in individual based models, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 122: 404-414
http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122%3C0404:PVIFPA%3E2.3.CO;2

Dunham A.E., Smith G.R., and Taylor J.N., 1979, Evidence for ecological character displacement in western American catostomic fishes. Evolution, 33: 877–896
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2407652

Elliott N.G., Haskard K., Koslow J.A., 1995, Morphometric analysis of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) off the continental slope of southern Australia, Journal of Fish Biology, 46: 202-220
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05962.x

Eyo J.E., 2003, Congeneric Discrimination of Morphometric Characters among Members of the Pisces Genus: Clarias (Clariidae) in Anambra River, Nigeria. The Zoologist, 2(1): 1- 17
 
Haddon M., and Willis T.J., 1995, Morphometric and Meristic comparison of orange roughy) Hoplosethus atlanticus: Trachichthyidae) from the Puysegur Bank and Lord Howe Rise, New Zealand and its implications for stock structure, Marine Biology, 123: 19-27
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350319

Jerry D., and Cairns S., 1998, Morphological variation in the catadromous Australian bass, from seven geographically distinct riverine drainages, Journal of Fish Biology, 52:829-843
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00823.x

Kinniso M., Unwin B., and Quinn T., 1998, Population-specific variation in body dimensions of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from New Zealand and their source population, 90 years after introduction, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 55: 554–563
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-303

Leslie C.C., and Grant W.S., 1990, Lack of congruence between genetic and morphological stock structure of the Southern African anglerfish Lophius vomerinus, South African Journal of Marine Science, 9: 379-398
http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776190784378862

Lund, R.A., Hansen L.P., and Jarvi T., 1989, Identification of reared and wild salmon by external morphology, size of fins and scale characteristics. NINA Forskningsrapp, 1: 1–54

Misra R.K., and Carscadden J.E., 1987, A multivariate analysis of morphometrics to detect differences in populations of capelin (Mallotus villosus). Journal du Conseil international pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 43: 99-106

Munasinghe D.H.N., and Thushari G.G.N., 2010, Analysis of morphological variation of four populations of Macrobracium rosenbergii (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Sri Lanka. Cey. Journal of Science (Biological Science.), 39: 53-60
Murta A.G., 2000, Morphological variation of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in the Iberian and North African Atlantic: implications for stock identification. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 1240-1248
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0810

Nwani C.D., and Ude E.F., 2005, Morphometric variations among three Distichodus species of Anambra river, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 2(3): 372 – 376

Paugy D., 1990, Characidae. p. 195-236. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome I. Coll. Faune Tropicale n° XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren et O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, 384 p

Paugy D., 2003, Alestidae. p. 236-282. In D. Paugy, C. Lévêque and G.G Teugels (eds.) The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa Volume 1. Coll. faune et flore tropicales 40. Institut de recherche de développement, Paris, France, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France and Musée royal de l'Afrique Central, Tervuren, Belgium, 457p

Samaradivakara S.P., Hirimuthugoda N.Y., Gunawardana R.H.A.N.M., Illeperuma R.J., Fernandopulle, N.D., De Silva A.D., and Alexander P.A.B.D, 2012, Morphological Variation of Four Tilapia Populations in Selected Reservoirs in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 23 (2): 105 – 116
http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v23i2.4642

Schweigert J.F., 1990, Comparison of morphometric and meristic data against truss networks for describing Pacific herring stocks. In “Fish –Marking Techniques” pp. 47- 62. (Ed.) by N.C. Parker, A.E. Giorgi, R.C. Heidinger, D.B. Jeter, E.D. Prince, G.A. Winana. American fisheries Society Sympsosium 7. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda

Solomon S.G., Okomoda V.T., Ogbenyikwu A.I., 2015, Intraspecific morphological variation between cultured and wild Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Clariidae, Siluriformes). Archives of Polish Fisheries, 23 (1): 53-61
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2015-0006

Strauss, R.E., 1985, Evolutionary allometry and variation in body form in the South American catfish genus Corydoras (Callichthydae), Systematic Zoology, 34: 381-396
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2413203

Swain D.P., and Foote C.J., 1999, Stocks and chameleons the use of phenotypic variation in stock identification, Fisheries Research, 43: 113-128
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00069-7

Thompson J.D., 1991, Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 6: 246–249
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90070-E

Turan C., Erguden D., Turan F., and Gurlek M., 2004, Genetic and
morphologic structure of Liza abu (Heckel, 1843) populations from the
Rivers Orontes, Euphrates and Tigris, Turkish Journal of Veterinary
and Animal Science, 28: 729-734

Turan C., Oral M., Ozturk B., and Duzgunes E., 2005, Morphometric and meristic variation between stocks of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Black, Marmara, Aegean and northeastern Mediterranean Seas, Fisheries Research, 79: 139-147
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.01.015

Vidalis K., Markakis G., and Tsimenides, N., 1994, Discrimination between populations of picarel (Spicara smaris L., 1758) in the Aegean Sea, using multivariate analysis of phonetic characters,  Fisheries Research, 30: 191-197
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(96)00571-1

Wimberger P.H., 1992, Plasticity of fish body shape, the effects of diet, development, family and age in two species of Geophagus (Pisces: Cichlidae), Biological Journal of Linnean Society, 45: 197- 218
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00640.x 
 

International Journal of Aquaculture
• Volume 5
View Options
. PDF(427KB)
. FPDF(win)
. HTML
. Online fPDF
Associated material
. Readers' comments
Other articles by authors
. Umaru J. A.
. Annune P.A.
. Cheikyula J.O.
. Okomoda V.T.
Related articles
. Morphological parameters
. Growth pattern
. Doma dam
Tools
. Email to a friend
. Post a comment